Vitamins

Vitamin D

The sunshine vitamin most people are missing.

~42% of American adults are vitamin D deficient (below 20 ng/mL)

Why it matters for longevity

Vitamin D regulates calcium absorption, supports immune function, and modulates gene expression in nearly every tissue. Low vitamin D status is associated with increased all-cause mortality, higher cancer risk, and accelerated bone loss. A meta-analysis of 52 trials found that vitamin D supplementation reduced all-cause mortality by about 6%.

How much you need

RDA

600 IU (15mcg) for adults 19-70, 800 IU (20mcg) for adults over 70

Optimal

Many longevity researchers target serum levels of 40-60 ng/mL, which often requires 2,000-4,000 IU daily.

Signs you might be low

  • Fatigue and low energy
  • Frequent illness or infections
  • Bone pain or muscle weakness
  • Low mood, especially in winter

Best food sources

FoodPer serving
Cod liver oil (1 tbsp)1,360 IU
Wild salmon (3 oz)570 IU
Sardines (3 oz)164 IU
Egg yolks (1 large)44 IU
UV-exposed mushrooms (1 cup)366 IU

Key research

Autier P, Gandini S (2007). Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(16), 1730-1737.

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