Copper
A trace mineral that powers your mitochondria and connective tissue.
~25% of adults globally may have marginal copper status based on dietary surveys
Why it matters for longevity
Copper is essential for mitochondrial energy production, iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, and the antioxidant enzyme copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. It also plays a role in neurotransmitter synthesis and immune function. Copper and zinc have a critical balance; excess zinc supplementation without copper can cause deficiency.
How much you need
900mcg for adults
Researchers recommend 1-2mg daily from food, maintaining a proper zinc-to-copper ratio of roughly 10:1.
Signs you might be low
- Anemia that does not respond to iron
- Frequent infections
- Osteoporosis or bone fractures
- Premature gray hair
Best food sources
Key research
Klevay LM (2011). Is the Western diet adequate in copper? Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 25(4), 204-212.
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