Compounds

Choline

Essential for your liver, brain, and every cell membrane.

~90% of Americans do not meet the adequate intake for choline

Why it matters for longevity

Choline is a precursor to acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter critical for memory), phosphatidylcholine (the primary component of cell membranes), and betaine (important for methylation and liver health). Inadequate choline intake accelerates liver fat accumulation and is linked to cognitive decline. Despite its importance, choline was only recognized as an essential nutrient by the IOM in 1998.

How much you need

RDA

550mg for men, 425mg for women

Optimal

Longevity researchers recommend meeting or exceeding the adequate intake, aiming for 500-600mg daily from food.

Signs you might be low

  • Fatigue and low energy
  • Memory problems
  • Muscle aches after exercise
  • Mood changes

Best food sources

FoodPer serving
Beef liver (3 oz)356mg
Eggs (2 large)294mg
Chicken breast (3 oz)72mg
Soybeans, roasted (1/2 cup)107mg
Shiitake mushrooms (1 cup)58mg

Key research

Zeisel SH, da Costa KA (2009). Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutrition Reviews, 67(11), 615-623.

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